Designing Sustainable Transportation Strategy in Covid-19: Jabodetabek Commuter Community Movement in Indonesia

Sustainable transportation systems, especially environmentally friendly transportation systems, play an important role in improving quality of life in urban areas. Urban communities in many developing countries experienced air pollution that has exceeded the national ambient air quality standard threshold. This is due to the increase of motorized vehicles. In Indonesia, the high movement of the Jabodetabek urban community poses a high risk to the increased air pollution in urban areas. This research aims are to analyse and respond to the phenomenon of climate change in the transport sector, in particular by developing strategies for sustainable urban transportation systems. Using qualitative research, data is collected from in-depth interviews with transport experts and practitioners and NGOs activities in the transport sector. The findings of this research highlight the key elements for developing an environmentally friendly transportation system and its strategies in the Jabodetabek urban area that is appropriate and following the needs of the regional commuting community. urban Jabodetabek. By using the CA analysis method and SWOT analysis, the development of an environmentally friendly transportation system for the Jabodetabek urban area is the current urgency at least for all stakeholders and all elements of society to build commitment, and a common vision and mission in building a fully integrated and perfect national transportation system, and monitoring and evaluating the order of the transportation system and public services to date.


Introduction
The commuter movement of the people of the capital city has moved people occurring in the city of Jakarta increasingly complex. This also applies to movements between regions and international movements that occur within them. Commuter movement occurs as a result of the daily activity of the capital city and its surrounding communities on land use that occurs in the Jabodetabek urban area, and this became one of the faces of the city of Jakarta. In Tamin 2008 this is illustrated in the four-step model of transportation planning, which states that "a system is a set of objects that are related to one another. The land use and transportation system has three main components, namely: land use; transportation infrastructure system; and traffic" (Tamin, 2008). According to Khisty and Lall in their book entitled Basics of Transportation Engineering, it is stated that "The location where activities are carried out will affect humans, and human activities will affect the location where activities take place" (Khisty & Lall, 2003). The movement carried out by the Jakarta commuter community shows the need for the demand for transportation facilities to meet the needs of the movement.
The high rate of ownership and use of motorized vehicles in the Jabodetabek urban area has made urban problems increasingly complex. Problems of congestion, quality of health and the environment, and the resulting psychological impact have become negative externalities that must be borne by the people of the Capital City who live in it. This is a picture that has become a specific type of behavior in the capital city, this behavior is present in the form of growth, change or decline which will be influenced by several mechanisms that underlie its shape and determine the pattern of changes that will occur (Khisty & Lall, 2003). Based on research conducted by Sitanggang, Rohana and Saribanon, Euis (2018), it is known that the factors that most influence congestion that occurs in DKI Jakarta are the high use of private vehicles; high use of two-wheeled motorized vehicles; and vehicle volume that is not directly proportional to road capacity (Sitanggang & Saribanon, 2018).
It is known that the number of movements of people in the Jabodetabek area in 2018 reached 49.5 million person-trips per day, and this figure continues to grow from year to year (Jabodetabek Transportation Management Agency, 2018). From the number of movements of people, it is known that 23.4 million of them are moving within the city of Jakarta, while 20.02 million other movements of people are movements of the Bodetabek commuter community who travel across Bodetabek and Jakarta cities. The number of movements that occur in the Jakarta City area is the reason for the need for transportation facilities for the needs of the movement of the people who live in it, especially sustainable transportation facilities, a need that should be considered in meeting the needs of transportation facilities in the future. Based on the data selected by the Central Bureau of Statistics of DKI Jakarta Province 2018, it is known that the average growth of motorized vehicles reached 5.35% per year from 2012 to 2016. From the average growth rate of motorized vehicles, 5.3% is the average growth rate for motorbikes; 6.48% growth rate of passenger cars; 5.25% average growth of load cars; -1.44% average growth of buses; and 2.32% growth rate of special vehicles. The growth of motorized vehicles that occurs in the city of Jakarta is dominated by vehicles with motorbikes and passenger cars, this is strong information following the research mentioned in Sitanggang & Saribanon 2018 where the use of private vehicles and two-wheeled motorized vehicles is a factor that causes congestion. in the city of Jakarta happened.
Look at Fig. 1, the current condition of air pollution in Jakarta has exceeded the National Ambient Air Quality Standard. This condition can harm the environment and ecosystem which in turn will affect the welfare of the people who live in it. The concentration of particulate matter (PM2.5) during the last 8 months has been fluctuating and is above the national ambient air quality standard threshold set in Permen LH number 12 of 2010. Sources of air pollution can come from natural activities and/or anthropogenic activities. Anthropogenic activities (human activities) produce air pollution that is greater than natural activities, air pollution that comes from anthropogenic activities, for example, emissions from mobile sources, namely transportation, and emissions from immovable sources, namely industrial activities; burning garbage; household activities; and so forth. Anthropogenic activities that cause emissions from mobile sources need special attention to reduce the number of airborne particulate concentrations in the City of Jakarta, this is done to reduce the negative impact on the environment and other ecosystems that can have an impact on the welfare of the people who live in it.
Responding to this that happened in the urban area of Jabodetabek, there is a research result from the Department of economic and social affairs, United Nations entitled Developing Practical Tools for Evaluation in the Context of the CSD (UN Commission for Sustainable Development) Process which states "that it has proven The past 20 years have shown that the phenomenon of climate change can be associated with addressing adverse health impacts on the world community, and health professionals have an important role to play in understanding and communicating the dire potential health losses caused by climate change, and managing the co-benefits of reduction in consumption of fossil fuel combustion " (Bongardt, Schmid, & et al., 2011). So that with the problems that occur in the Jabodetabek urban area, special and long-term handling is needed to be able to overcome the high travel rates of the capital, the growth of motorized vehicles, congestion, and the air quality of the city of Jakarta, thus it is hoped that the creation of an Environmentally Friendly and Sustainable Transportation System.
In this study, the authors will answer the problem of commuter movement that occurs in the capital, by using qualitative analysis techniques to obtain the development of an environmentally friendly transportation system strategy that suits the transportation needs of the Jabodetabek urban community. Based on the formulation of the problems previously described, this research aims to find out "The strategy for developing an environmentally friendly transportation system for the commuting community in the Jabodetabek urban area". The objectives that will be carried out in answering the objectives of this study are to: identify the variables that are of urgency in the development of an environmentally friendly transportation system in the Jabodetabek urban area; and identify an appropriate environmentally friendly transportation system strategy that suits the needs of the commuting community in the Jabodetabek urban area.

Literature Review
Khisty & Lall said the land use and transportation cycle is a cycle of supply and demand for land to travel demand, this defines that "a plot of land with a certain type of land use produces a certain number of trips, then this trip shows the need for transportation facilities to meet travel demand. In the cycle, new or more advanced transportation facilities will provide better accessibility, this in itself will make the demand to develop land increase and cause land value to increase, so that the cycle repeats itself and reflects the land use and transportation cycle " (Khisty & Lall, 2003).
The need for a sustainable transportation system should have become a special concern in the implementation of the paradigm of sustainable development of big cities in Indonesia, by taking into account three areas of sustainable development including: social, environmental, and economic. These three fields must pay attention not only to the present, but also to pay attention to the future / future, in other words that development must be sustainable (Risdiyanto, 2014). According to Cheba and Saniuk (2016) the transportation system is an organized system of interrelated transportation infrastructure components, a system that is structured in a functional, spatial, and technical-technological system which consists of the following elements: trains; Highway; air; inland and sea waterways with their port subsystem (Cheba & Saniuk, 2016). Sustainable transportation system according to Ogryzek et al. focusing on planning, politics, and the use of technology, the main objective of a sustainable transportation system is to ensure efficient freight transport and high quality transportation services.
Also, the development of a sustainable transportation system is based on urban planning that will create urban areas that are free of cars and friendly for pedestrians and cyclists (Ogryzek, Adamska-Kmieć, & Klimach, 2020). To achieve a sustainable transportation system, individual modal choice decision making plays a key role. Mode choice decisions made by travelers are based on economic criteria; travel time; convenience; convenience; and security, of all the factors that influence this decision-making, the safety factor is the most difficult factor for travelers (Mohan & Tiwari, 2000).
According to The Center for Sustainable Transportation in Risdiyanto 2014, what is meant by a sustainable transportation system is a transportation system that has at least three criteria, namely a transportation system that: a. enabling the very basic access needs of individuals and communities to be met safely and in a manner consistent with human and ecosystem health, and with equality within and between generations; b. affordable, operates efficiently, provides a choice of modes of transportation and supports economic development; c. limit emissions and waste that are within the earth's ability to absorb them, minimize consumption of non-renewable sources, use and recycle their components, and minimize land use and noise production.

Study Scope Review
The problem of climate change that occurs in the world and especially in Indonesia has become a serious common problem that needs attention. According to a study of low-carbon urban mobility, systems states that cities currently consume more than 80% of the world's energy and are responsible for 75% of total greenhouse gas emissions, the mobility system that is at the heart of urban activities is responsible for the movement of people; goods; and services and has an important role in attracting investment to the city (Venkat, 2016).
According to Riedy in his journal entitled Climate Change, it is stated that "Climate is the average weather conditions at a certain point on earth, expressed in expected temperature, rainfall and wind conditions based on historical observations. Climate change is a change in the average climate or climate variability that lasts for a long time" (Riedy, 2016). Meanwhile, Climate, according to the As previously mentioned, the land use and transportation cycle is a cycle of supply and demand for land to travel demand. This explains the location where activities are carried out that will affect humans, and human activities will affect the location where the activity takes place. Likewise, what is stated in the Ministry of Environment and Forestry of the Republic of Indonesia, where one of the two factors that cause climate change occurs an interaction between its components and external factors from land-use change and the use of motorized fossil fuel for travel/movement. The use of fossil fuels can cause air pollution in space so that the resulting air pollution can result in a decrease in the quality of the environment and become a problem of climate change. Look at Fig. 1 regarding the information on PM2.5 concentration and CO concentration in Jakarta City. Based on Fig. 1, it is known that the PM2.5 concentration rate that occurred in Jakarta during the last 8 months was fluctuating and was above the national ambient air quality standard threshold.
Based on the Regulation of the State Minister for the Environment Number 12 of 2010 concerning the Implementation of Air Pollution Control in the Regions, it is stated that the National Ambient Air Quality Standard (BMUA) for Particulates is below 2.5 μm with a 24-hour measurement time of 66 μg / Nm3. By paying attention to Figure 1, it is known that the concentration of PM2.5 particulates in the City of Jakarta from March to October 6 2020 air quality exceeds or exceeds the national BMUA threshold. According to the Ministry of Health of the Republic of Indonesia in Aulia, Z and Azizah, R (2015), the impact of particulate matter on health, both solid and liquid, depends on its size, the size of the particulates that are harmful to health generally ranges from 0.1 microns to 10 microns. Particulates smaller than 5 microns can enter the lungs and settle into the alveoli, while particulates larger than 5 microns can irritate the upper respiratory tract and cause irritation, and the irritation often attacks the eyes and this can block penetration. eye view (Aulia & Azizah, 2015).
Particulate matter with a size of fewer than 2.5 microns (PM2.5) that occurs in the city of Jakarta shows unsanitary conditions for people who live and have activities in the city of Jakarta. Although in Figure 1 the concentration of Carbon Monoxide (CO) for the last 8 months did not exceed the national BMUA, the PM2.5 concentration which takes into account other air pollution parameters such as sulfur dioxide, carbon monoxide, nitrogen dioxide, ozone, hydrocarbons, chlorine, lead, and the dust particles have surpassed the national BMUA and are not good for the health of the people who live in them.

Method
In this study, to be able to answer the research objectives and objectives, two methods of analysis were used, to be able to answer the first objective in this study, a content analysis (CA) technique was used using data from interviews with the in-depth interview method and conducting a transcript of the results of the ITDP Indonesia webinar discussion with the title of the activity. "Fiscal Policy for Air Pollution in Cities" on Monday, December 7 th , 2020. Meanwhile, to be able to answer the second goal, a SWOT analysis is used, to obtain an environmentally friendly transportation system strategy that is appropriate and following the needs of the commuter community in the Jabodetabek urban area.

Content analysis is a research technique for making replicable and valid inferences from
texts (or other meaningful matter) to the contexts of their use (Krippendorff, 2004, p. 18) in (White & Marsh, 2006). By using the content analysis method in this study, we will find the conclusion that what variables are appropriate for the formulation of a strategy for developing an environmentally friendly urban transportation system for the Jabodetabek urban area. The results released from the content analysis in this study are evidence of predetermined variables through a desk study using transcripts of results from interviews with experts/practitioners in urban transportation system planning and transcripts of webinars on air pollution issues organized by ITDP Indonesia. What also needs to be known is that ITDP Indonesia is a non-profit organization that has pioneered transportation policies and projects in Indonesia that have a concentration on environmental, sustainability, and equality aspects.
SWOT analysis technique which stands for strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats is an analysis technique used to determine the strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats of a business or project goal determination by involving internal and external factors to achieve these goals. (Setyawan, 2015). According to Stacey (1993) in Pickton & Wright (1998)

SWOT analysis is a list of an organization's strengths and weaknesses as indicated by an analysis of its resources and capabilities, plus a list of the threats and opportunities that
an analysis of its environment identifies. Strategic logic obviously requires that the future pattern of actions to be taken should match strengths with opportunities, ward off threats, and seek to overcome weaknesses. (p103) (Pickton & Wright, 1998)

Sustainable Transportation
Sustainable development is an action to meet the needs of the people in it, both in personal life and in economic activities, while respecting the ability of future generations to meet their needs (United Nations, 2016). The sustainable transportation system according to various Department of Transportation (DOTs) in the United States is shown in their mission, of the 51 selected DOTs, they show that a sustainable transportation system has the attributes of an effective and efficient transportation system, also has a good impact on the economic system, the quality of social life, and ecology (Jeon & Amekudzi, 2005). In this research, to find out what variables can affect the sustainability of a sustainable transportation system, a desk study method was carried out which was taken from several sources including UNESCAP (2012)

Content Analysis Results According to Practitioner Experts
This analysis aims to find out how the right strategy according to expert practitioners in urban transportation system management, an analysis is carried out using CA analysis techniques or content analysis. In this study, interviews were conducted by 1 respondent and 1 webinar activity conducted by ITDP Indonesia on December 7th, 2020, with the topic of "Urban Transport Discussion # 14: Fiscal Policy for Air Pollution in Cities". Every idea/input/practice conveyed by respondents/expert practitioners becomes an input in formulating the right strategy in creating an environmentally friendly urban transportation system. In analyzing content analysis, this study uses code assistance for each variable according to the indicators that have been carried out. Consider the following table:

Indicators and Variables Code
Planning Using the code from table 2, a manual content analysis was performed using the interview transcripts and previous webinars. Consider table 3 regarding the results of content analysis that has been carried out, to find out how the right strategy is in realizing an environmentally friendly urban transportation system in the Jabodetabek commuter area.  In realizing the planning and governance of transportation policies on environmentally friendly transportation systems in the Jabodetabek urban area at this time and in the future, it is necessary to have a good urban transportation system policy through the integration of a perfect national transportation system order.

Jabodetabek Environmentally Friendly Transportation System Development Strategy
Determination of an environmentally friendly transportation system strategy that is appropriate and following the needs of the commuter community in the Jabodetabek urban area here is carried out by conducting a SWOT analysis based on the results of the previous analysis, see Table 4 and Table 5.

√
To make a policy for a good urban transportation system, a perfect national transportation system policy is needed. Jabodetabek.
• A fully integrated and closed transport system in the urban transport system is required.
• The Jakarta- Consider Table 4 and Table 5. Based on the results of the analysis that has been carried out previously, using the SWOT matrix obtained 11 alternative strategies for developing an environmentally friendly transportation system in the Jabodetabek urban area. So that it is known that the answer to the second objective in this study is that the appropriate environmentally friendly transportation system strategy and following the needs of the commuter community in the Jabodetabek urban area is as follows: a. Building a perfectly integrated national transportation system by involving expert practitioners; b. Building human resources within the ministry of transportation by involving experts or expert practitioners in the scientific field of urban transportation planning.
c. Cooperating all parties between stakeholders in committing to unite the vision and mission to develop a national transportation system; d. Preparing regional development that will occur as a result of the construction of the Jakarta-Bandung fast train by collaborating between stakeholders in preparing regional strategic activity plans; e. Jakarta Smart City can work with various teams to make transportation system policy decisions that are fully integrated, closed, and pay attention to environmental issues.
f. It takes a head of BPTJ who has expert competence in urban transportation planning to develop a national transportation system arrangement policy with the Ministry of Transportation; g. All parties and all agencies involved in transportation and environmental affairs collaborate with all elements of society in building a perfect national transportation system policy.
h. Monitoring and evaluating public transportation system services, especially services for easy access to users in terms of transactions.
i. Improving the policy and order of the urban transportation system that should also side with the industrial sector in freight transportation by involving experts, expert practitioners, all stakeholders, and all elements of society.
j. Monitoring and evaluating the public transportation system, which is expected to provide broad benefits to the movement of people so that it can build a transportation system arrangement policy that does not interfere with the freight transportation system.
k. Building commitment, releasing sectoral identities, unifying vision, and mission in building the structure of the Jabodetabek urban transportation system for both people and goods transportation.
This table has many important information, but the wording is too much. Try to get the main ideas and link the content to table 2, how does the results of data collection explain the indicators and variables mentioned in table 2, thanks

Conclusion
Responding to the high number of trips per day in the Jabodetabek area, the growth of motorized vehicles, congestion, and air pollution problems that occur in the Jabodetabek urban area, this study seeks to solve the problem of commuter movement that occurs in the Jabodetabek area through Based on the results of the desk study and content analysis, it is known that from 31 variables that are considered important in the development of an environmentally friendly transportation system, it is known that 10 variables are of urgency in the development of an environmentally friendly transportation system in the commuter movement of the Jabodetabek urban area, namely: Besides, through the 10 variables that were previously known through content analysis, a SWOT analysis was then carried out to determine the right strategy to overcome transportation and air quality problems that occurred in the Jabodetabek urban area. The problem of high movement of people, growth of motorized vehicles, congestion, and air pollution that occurs in the Jabodetabek urban area can be carried out through several strategies for environmentally friendly transportation systems that are appropriate and following the needs of the commuter community in the Jabodetabek urban area are as follows: a. Building a perfectly integrated national transportation system by involving expert practitioners; b. Building human resources within the ministry of transportation by involving experts or expert practitioners in the scientific field of urban transportation planning.
c. Cooperating all parties between stakeholders in committing to unite the vision and mission to develop a national transportation system; d. Preparing regional development that will occur as a result of the construction of the Jakarta-Bandung fast train by collaborating between stakeholders in preparing regional strategic activity plans; e. Jakarta Smart City can work with various teams to make transportation system policy decisions that are fully integrated, closed, and pay attention to environmental issues.
f. It takes a head of BPTJ who has expert competence in urban transportation planning to develop a national transportation system arrangement policy with the Ministry of Transportation; g. All parties and all agencies involved in transportation and environmental affairs collaborate with all elements of society in building a perfect national transportation system policy.
h. Monitoring and evaluating public transportation system services, especially services for easy access to users in terms of transactions.
i. Improving the policy and order of the urban transportation system that should also side with the industrial sector in freight transportation by involving experts, expert practitioners, all stakeholders, and all elements of society.
j. Monitoring and evaluating the public transportation system, which is expected to provide broad benefits to the movement of people so that it can build a transportation system arrangement policy that does not interfere with the freight transportation system.
k. Building commitment, releasing sectoral identities, unifying vision, and mission in building the structure of the Jabodetabek urban transportation system for both people and goods transportation.